Attention Restraint, Working Memory Capacity, and Mind Wandering: Do Emotional Valence or Intentionality Matter?

Attention restraint appears to mediate the relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and mind wandering (Kane et al., 2016). Prior work has identifed two dimensions of mind wandering—emotional valence and intentionality. However, less is known about how WMC and attention restraint correlate with these dimensions. Te current study examined the relationship between WMC, attention restraint, and mind wandering by emotional valence and intentionality. A confrmatory factor analysis demonstrated that WMC and attention restraint were strongly correlated, but only attention restraint was related to overall mind wandering, consistent with prior fndings. However, when examining the emotional valence of mind wandering, attention restraint and WMC were related to negatively and positively valenced, but not neutral, mind wandering. Attention restraint was also related to intentional but not unintentional mind wandering. Tese results suggest that WMC and attention restraint predict some, but not all, types of mind wandering

Individual Differences in the Dynamic Upregulation of Cognitive Control

Cognitive control can fluctuate on a moment-by-moment basis. The dynamic upregulation of cognitive control occurs as a result of increases in task demand including higher mnemonic load and affective interference (Witkins, Zanesco, Denkova & Jha, 2020). Specifically, performance on trials following high load or negative interference trials is improved. The impact of individual differences in depression symptomology, dispositional mindfulness, trait anxiety, or affect on these upregulation effects remains unknown. The current study examines the impact of these factors on upregulation effects cued by mnemonic load and affective interference in a delayed recognition working memory task. The results replicate prior findings indicating better performance following trials with high mnemonic load or negatively valenced affective interference. Dispositional mindfulness, positive and negative affect moderated the upregulation effects, but no effect was observed from Depression symptomatology or trait anxiety. When examining dynamic upregulation, it is important to consider some individual difference factors

INTEGRATION OF COMMUNITY SETUP IN PHARMACEUTICAL CARE: CURRENT CHALLENGES, PERCEPTION, FACTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN PAKISTAN

Objective: A qualitative, cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted to evaluate the integration of community setup in pharmaceutical care with respect to current challenges, awareness/perception of individuals from various walks of life, related facts and opportunities which are contextual to local settings in Karachi, Pakistan.Methods: This cross-sectional, a qualitative study, was conducted between May–November 2015. A questionnaire was designed using 15 close ended and 5 open-ended questions. And validated using correlation of spearman coefficient and Cronbach's α value (α = 0.916 and p = 0.941). Local residents, pharmacist, medical practitioners, and pharmacy technicians were selected as study participants. Informed consents of all respondents were obtained prior to the participation. SPSS 20.0 was utilized and results were calculated with respect to percentages of responses and mean scores. Chi-square test was used to analyze the problems associated in effective implementation and integration of community pharmacy practices in Pakistan. Results: Rate of response in the various cohort were in the order of 76%, 94%, 71% and 83% for local residents, pharmacist, physicians and pharmacy technicians respectively. Community pharmacy knowledge and beliefs mean scores were correspondingly found to be 1.971.83, 1.457.44, 2.842.10 and 2.385.54 for doctors, pharmacist, residents and technicians respectively.Conclusion: A significant difference in the level of perception was observed amongst the professionals and local resident's cohort, which necessitates the effective and better execution of community residents counseling and more stringent implementation of health care facilities at the community level to improve the medication and health outcomes of related inhabitants